Exploring attributional and coping strategies in competitive injured athletes: a qualitative approach.

Introduction: This study explores the attributions and coping strategies of athletes who experienced psychological impact from sport injuries or illness from a qualitative methodology. Purpose: To understand athletes' unique perspectives on injury and recovery, framed in the Global Model of Sport Injuries, and contribute to the development of effective interventions and support programs for athletes. Methods: A qualitative research approach was employed, conducting semi-structured interviews with an ad hoc sample of 16 athletes, representing diverse backgrounds and competitive levels. Interviews were transcribed and analyzed using NVivo software, identifying themes and codes related to attributions and coping strategies. Results: Athletes attributed their sport injury mostly to bad luck, routine deviations, and negative mental states, while coping strategies used included cognitive restructuring, emotional calming, seeking social support, mental withdrawal, and behavioral risk. Factors such as training deviations, social support, psychological responses, and injury diagnosis seems to have influenced the coping strategies employed. Conclusions: Sport injuries and illnesses significantly impact athletes' careers and wellbeing. Support and effective communication from coaching staff and healthcare professionals were identified as crucial for athletes' wellbeing. These findings contribute to understanding the psychological processes and experiences involved in sport injury recovery and highlight key elements for prevention and intervention protocols. Future research should explore communication patterns in sports contexts and assess attributions and coping strategies at different stages of injury recovery.

Psychological readiness to return to sports practice and risk of recurrence: Case studies.

Returning to sport after the sports injury is a difficult decision because it's multicausal and the fact that a rash decision can result in numerous negative consequences. Given the importance of psychological variables for the correct rehabilitation of the injured athlete and his or her optimal return to sports practice, there seems to be little information on this subject. In this sense, the objective is to determine the relationship between the subjective psychological disposition of the athlete in the process of Return to Play (RTP) with the type of mood profile and his mental health. This is based on the fact that each athlete evaluates his or her recovery differently and has different levels of anxiety, depression, and stress. For this purpose, four athletes participated in the study. Two males and two females from the sports of indoor soccer and soccer, who had just returned to sports after a moderate or severe injury. The average age was 24.25 years. Various measurements were taken after practices and after matches, to assess mood, psychological readiness, anxiety, stress, and depression. The results confirm Morgan's iceberg profile and the influence that subjective psychological perceptions and assessed emotional states have on athletes' incorporation into their sports practice with a guarantee of success.

Programas de intervención psicológica en procesos de rehabilitación de lesiones deportivas / Psychological programs in sport injury rehabilitation

Introducción: El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo revisar las publicaciones respecto de las intervenciones psicológicas aplicadas en los procesos de rehabilitación de deportistas lesionados hasta el año 2020. Material y método: Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica en la base de datos electrónica Web of Science (WoS) de acuerdo con las líneas de recomendación para revisiones sistemáticas y meta-análisis de la guía PRISMA. Para ello, se utilizaron los términos de búsqueda sport injur*, psycho* y rehabilitation. Los criterios de inclusión utilizados fueron: 1) tener como objeto de estudio la medición de variables psicológicas durante la fase de rehabilitación de una lesión deportiva; 2) ser de carácter empírico y; 3) la aplicación de un programa de entrenamiento psicológico como parte del tratamiento en la rehabilitación de la lesión deportiva. Resultados: Tras aplicar las estrategias de búsqueda, se obtuvieron un total de 394 artículos, de los cuales tras eliminar los que no cumplían los criterios de exclusión se redujeron a 15 artículos. Conclusiones: Los resultados muestran que los programas de intervención psicológica más utilizados en la rehabilitación de deportistas lesionados han sido la relajación, la visualización, el establecimiento de objetivos y el Mindfulness. Por su parte, las variables psicológicas más estudiadas fueron el dolor, la adherencia a la rehabilitación y la autoeficacia. Finalmente, la aplicación de intervención psicológica en el proceso de rehabilitación del deportista lesionado se mostró eficaz, para el objetivo que perseguía, en 13 de los 15 trabajos objeto de estudio.(AU)

Introduction: This paper aims to review the publications regarding the psychological interventions applied in the rehabili­tation processes of injured athletes until 2020. Material and method: A datasearch were conducted in Web of Science (WoS) databases according to the recommenda­tions and criteria established in the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) statement guidelines. To do this, the search terms sport injur*, psycho* and rehabilitation were used. The inclusion criteria used were: 1) to have as an object of study the measurement of psychological variables during the rehabilitation phase of a sports injury; 2) be empirical in nature and; 3) the application of a psychological training program as part of the treatment in the rehabilitation of the sports injury. Results: After applying the search strategies, a total of 394 articles were obtained, of which after eliminating those that did not meet the exclusion criteria were reduced to 15 articles. Conclusions: The results show that the most used psychological intervention programs in the rehabilitation of injured athle­tes have been relaxation, guided imagery, goal-setting and mindfulness. On the other hand, the most studied psychological variables were pain, adherence to rehabilitation and self-efficacy. Finally, the application of psychological intervention in the rehabilitation process of the injured athlete was effective, for the objective pursued, in 13 of the 15 works under study.(AU)

Gamifying App-Based Low-Intensity Psychological Interventions to Prevent Sports Injuries in Young Athletes: A Review and Some Guidelines.

Sports injuries have become a real health concern. Particularly noticeable is the increasing number of severe sports injuries among young people. Sports injury (SI) is a multifactorial event where many internal and external, proximal and remote factors play a role in a recursive way, including physical and psychological variables. Accordingly, many voices expressing the need of tackling that and several prevention programs have arisen. Nevertheless, different barriers and limitations prevent a wide extension of well-controlled programs, closely monitored by highly specialized professionals in ordinary sports grass-root organizations. These have helped flourishing different low intensity (LI)-interventions and e-Health apps focusing on both physical warmup, training and fitness, and mental skills aimed at reducing athlete's vulnerability to SIs. This kind of intervention usually uses self-administered techniques and/or non-specialized staff that can effectively monitoring the program. In fact, LI-interventions have shown to be effective coping with different health and psychological issues. However, these interventions face an important challenge: the lack of engagement people usually show. The current paper proposes how gamification can contribute to the engagement to such interventions. Based on the mechanics-dynamics-aesthetics framework to analyze game design, the paper suggests a set of guidelines app- and web-LI interventions aimed at preventing SIs should include to foster motivation and reduce attrition.

Does Youth Soccer Players' Group Cooperation Improve when Pitch, Goal, and Team Size are Reduced?

The aim of this study was to analyse the effects of the modification of the pitch size, goal size, and the number of players per team on the level of cooperation in youth soccer players (U-12). A quasi-experimental design was implemented to measure the effects of the changes in the number of players per team (8-a-side vs. 5-a-side), goal size (6 x 2 m vs. 3 x 2 m), and field size (58 x 38 m vs. 38 x 20 m) on the cooperation. Four soccer teams under-12 (n = 48 players) participated in three tournaments (standard rules; proposed rules; standard rules). The five variables of cooperation were measured using the "Sports Cooperation Questionnaire": conditional cooperation, cooperation with the coach, disposition of unconditional cooperation, situational cooperation with teammates, and situational cooperation outside the field of play. Players presented the same level of cooperation in conditional cooperation, situational cooperation with teammates, and situational cooperation outside the field of play with both types of rules. The modification of rules involved a reduction of the cooperation with the coach and a disposition of unconditional cooperation. The causes of the reduction may be related to players' adaptation to new tactical dispositions and game situations. Future studies are needed of player's cooperation and different competition rules in youth sports.

Características psicológicas relevantes para el rendimiento deportivo: diferencias de género en fútbol juvenil / Características psicológicas relevantes para o desempenho esportivo: diferenças de gênero no futebol juvenil / Psychological characteristics relevant to sports performance: gender differences in youth soccer

El estudio de los factores psicológicos relacionados con el rendimiento deportivo tiene un importante recorrido en la literatura científica. Conocer si existen diferencias de género en deportistas, cuáles son estas, y en qué aspectos se manifiestan es una cuestión que podría ayudar a mejorar la labor de entrenadores y técnicos deportivos. El objetivo de este estudio es determinar si existen diferencias de género en el perfil psicológico de futbolistas juveniles relacionado con el rendimiento deportivo. Se utilizó un diseño descriptivo transversal. La muestra objeto de estudio estuvo formada por un total de 329 jugadores juveniles de fútbol (46.8% varones y 53,2% mujeres), con una edad media de 17.02 (±1.50) años. Para la evaluación de las características psicológicas se utilizó el Cuestionario Características Psicológicas Relacionadas con el Rendimiento Deportivo (CPRD). Los resultados de este estudio indican que existen diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre varones y mujeres en control de estrés (CE), influencia de la evaluación del rendimiento (IER) y en cohesión de equipo (CH), con un tamaño del efecto de .51, .31 y .40 respectivamente. Los jugadores manifiestan puntuaciones mayores que las jugadoras en CE, es decir, gestionan mejor el estrés propio de la competición, y en IER, es decir, los jugadores gestionan mejor que las jugadoras el impactoque supone la evaluación de su rendimiento, el que hacen los otros (entrenadores, compañeros, padres/madres, etc.) y el que se hace a sí mismo. Sin embargo, las jugadoras presentan mejores puntuaciones en CH, es decir, manifiestan una mayor tendencia a trabajar en grupo y fortalecer el equipo. (AU)

The study of psychological factors related to sports performance has an important track record in thescientific literature. Knowing if there are differences between male and female athletes, what they are, and in what aspects they manifest is an issue that could help improve the work of coaches and sports technicians. The aim of this study is to determine if there are gender differences in the psychological profile of youth soccer players related to sports performance. A descriptive cross-sectional design was used. The sample under study was formed by a total of 329 youth soccer players (46.8% male and 53,2% female), with an average age of 17.02 (± 1.50) years. The Psychological Characteristics Questionnaire Related to Sports Performance (CPRD) was used to evaluate psychological characteristics. The results of this study indicate that there are statistically significant differences between male and female in stress control (CE), influence of performance evaluation (IER) and in team cohesion (CH), with an effect size of .51, .31 and .40 respectively. The male players show higher scores than the female players in CE, that is, they better manage the stress of the competition, and in IER, that is, the male players manage better than the female players the impact of evaluating their performance, the one that others do (coaches, partners, fathers / mothers, etc.) and the one thatmakes itself. However, female players have better CH scores, that is, they show a greater tendency to work in groups and strengthen the team. (AU)

O estudo de fatores psicológicos relacionados ao desempenho esportivo tem um histórico importante na literatura científica. Saber se existem diferenças entre atletas masculinos e femininos, o que são e em que aspectos eles se manifestam é uma questão que pode ajudar a melhorar o trabalho de treinadores e técnicos esportivos. O objetivo deste estudo é determinar se existem diferenças de gênero no perfil psicológico de jovens jogadores de futebol relacionados ao desempenho esportivo. Foi utilizado um desenho descritivo de corte transversal. A amostra estudada foi composta por um total de 329 jogadores de futebol juvenil (46,8% masculino e 53,2% feminino), com idade média de 17,02 (± 1,50) anos. O Questionário de Características Psicológicas Relacionadas ao Desempenho Esportivo (CPRD) foi utilizado para avaliar as características psicológicas. Os resultados deste estudo indicam que existem diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre meninos e meninas no controle do estresse (EC), influência da avaliação de desempenho (IER) e na coesão da equipe (HC), com um tamanho de efeito de 0,51, 0,31 e 0,40, respetivamente. Os jogadores pequenos apresentam pontuações mais altas do que as jogadoras da CE, ou seja, administram melhor o estresse da competição, e no IER, ou seja, os jogadores pequenos gerenciam melhor do que as jogadoras o impacto de avaliar seu desempenho, o que os outros fazem (treinadores, parceiros, pais / mães, etc.) e o que se faz. No entanto, as jogadoras têm melhores pontuações no HC, ou seja,mostram maior tendência a trabalhar em grupo e fortalecer a equipe. (AU)

Female Soccer Players' Psychological Profile: Differences between Professional and Amateur Players.

The psychological variables that affect competitive performance are called the psychological profile of athletes. In recent years, the interest in female soccer players and the psychological characteristics that affect their performance has increased. The aim of the present study is to analyze the psychological characteristics of female professional soccer players and female amateur soccer players, as well as to determine the differences in the psychological profile of both groups. The participants were 134 federated female soccer players, with an average age of 18.28 years (SD = 4.05). To assess the psychological profile, the questionnaire on Psychological Characteristics related to Sports Performance (CPRD) by Gimeno, Buceta, and Pérez-Llantada (2001) was used. The results showed that female professional players presented higher values for motivation, while the female amateur players presented higher values for stress control and the influence of performance evaluation. These results can have a great impact on coaches' work, since they can help them to establish tasks and training methods consistent with the characteristics of their players.

Understanding the dimensions of sport-injury related growth: A DELPHI method approach.

Despite the multitude of adverse physical and psychosocial consequences of sports injury, evidence also highlights the potential for positive benefits in the injury aftermath. The purpose of this study is to address this gap by exploring the dimensions of personal growth following a severe sports injury. A 3-rounds e-Delphi method was utilized to develop a consensual understanding of the dimensions of sport-injury related growth. A panel of 24 psychology of sport injury experts participated in the process. The final list of items obtained was subjected to conventional content analysis to identify general themes. The process led to the development of a 5-dimension model capable of describing athletes' experiences of personal growth following a severe sports-related injury: personal strength, improved social life, health benefits, sport benefits, and social support and recognition. The domains of sport-injury related growth identified here are consistent with growth-domains identified in previous personal growth literature. However, they also highlight the importance of contextualizing the experience of growth. We have captured key elements of sport-injury related growth, domains that can be used as the basis for further psychometric testing and for further interventions to increase adjustment and well-being during the rehabilitation process.

Psychometric Analysis and Effectiveness of the Psychological Readiness of Injured Athlete to Return to Sport (PRIA-RS) Questionnaire on Injured Soccer Players.

The decision-making process about when an athlete may safely return to training and competition after an injury is a difficult decision. Safe return to training and competition is characterised by physical and psychological readiness to return to the sport. The objectives of this study are (1) to assess the measurement properties of the Psychological Readiness of Injured Athlete to Return to Sport questionnaire (PRIA-RS), and (2) to analyse the effectiveness which the PRIA-RS questionnaire possesses when applied during four consecutive seasons on professional soccer players. One hundred and nine male soccer players from the Albacete Soccer Club (Spain) were involved during four consecutive seasons for the current study: 2012-2013, 2013-2014, 2014-2015 and 2015-2016. Psychometric analysis (validity, reliability, internal consistency and effectiveness) and external psychometric analysis (evaluating measures of patient-reported outcomes (EMPRO)) were confirmed and supported. The main results of the study reveal that the psychometric properties of this questionnaire are optimum for their application in a professional sports context.

Personality, Coping Strategies, and Mental Health in High-Performance Athletes During Confinement Derived From the COVID-19 Pandemic.

The COVID-19 outbreak has affected the sports field unprecedentedly. The emergency alert has deprived athletes of training in a suitable environment, as they are faced with cancellations of relevant events in their sports careers. This situation can cause stress levels and other emotional disorders similar to those experienced by athletes during periods of injury. Since the relationship between psychological factors and sports injuries is well-studied, the Global Psychological Model of Sports Injury (MGPLD) is applied to this historical situation for athletes. The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationships between perfectionism and trait anxiety with indicators of mental health (mood, depression, state anxiety, and stress) in high-performance athletes during confinement due to the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as to explore the coping strategies that athletes have applied and whether they are perceived as useful for managing negative emotional states. A cross-sectional study was conducted through online questionnaires during April 2020, adapting the Psychological Assessment Protocol of the High-Performance Sports Center of Murcia (Spain), to assess the psychological effects of confinement in a cross-cultural sample of 310 athletes (141 women and 169 men) from different countries in Europe, Asia, and America, and from diverse sports disciplines. The protocol comprised six instruments that test perfectionism, trait anxiety, mood states, stress, depression, coping strategies, and sleep. It was answered online via Google Forms. The results show that maladaptive perfectionism was related to all the indicators of athletes' mental health. However, athletes' levels of anxiety, stress, and depressive symptoms are relatively low, and the use of coping strategies such as cognitive restructuring and emotional calm was associated with lower levels of negative emotional states. Besides, the Iceberg Profile, a suitable fit for the mental health model, is observed in the mood of athletes, both in men and in women, although women showed higher levels of anxiety, stress, and depression than men. A strong relationship was observed between maladaptive perfectionism and martial arts sports discipline, superior to other sports. In short, it can be concluded that high-performance athletes in the studied sample showed negative emotional state values below the expected average. Finally, the proposals for practical applications of the results collected are discussed.

Traducción y adaptación al inglés de un cuestionario para determinar la predisposición psicológica del futbolista lesionado / Translation and adaptation to English of a questionnaire to determine the Psychological readiness of the injured football player / Tradução e adaptação ao inglês de um questionário para determinar a predisposição psicológica do jogador lesionado Resumo

Diferentes estudios han mostrado que una mala predisposición psicológica del deportista lesionado podría dificultar su retorno a los entrenamientos. El objetivo de este trabajo consistió en traducir y adaptar del castellano al inglés el cuestionario de predisposición psicológica para deportistas lesionados. Se utilizó una metodología de traducción-retrotraducción con traductores nativos y expertos en el campo de la recuperación de lesiones. Los traductores encontraron una equivalencia conceptual alta entre ambas versiones, así como un nivel de dificultad para su traducción bajo. El cuestionario PRIA-RS se presenta como una versión válida conceptual y contextualmente cuyo uso a nivel internacional, gracias a esta nueva versión en inglés, podría verse incrementado

Different studies have shown that a bad psychological predisposition of the injured athlete could hinder his return to training. The aim of this work was to translate and adapt the questionnaire of psychological predisposition for injured athletes from Spanish to English. A translation-backtranslation methodology was used with native translator and experts in the field of injury recovery. The translators found a high conceptual equivalence between both versions, as well as a low level of difficulty for their translation. The PRIA-RS questionnaire is presented as a conceptually and contextually valid version. Its use at the international level, thanks to this new version in English, could be increased

Diferentes estudos mostraram que uma má predisposição psicológica do atleta lesionado poderia dificultar seu retorno ao treinamento. O objetivo deste trabalho foi traduzir e adaptar o questionário de predisposição psicológica para atletas lesionados do espanhol para o inglês. Uma metodologia de tradução de tradução reversa foi usada com tradutores nativos e especialistas no campo da recuperação de lesões. Os tradutores encontraram uma alta equivalência conceitual entre as duas versões, bem como um nível de dificuldade para sua baixa tradução. O questionário PRIA-RS é apresentado como uma versão conceitual e contextualmente válida, cuja utilização em nível internacional, graças a essa nova versão em inglês, poderia ser aumentada

Psychological Intervention Program to Control Stress in Youth Soccer Players.

The influence on the psychological well-being of the players and their sports performance seems to be one of the keys to the current sports practice. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of a psychological intervention program for stress control in youth soccer players. A total sample of 19 male youth soccer players (age: 16.3 ± 0.99 years; years playing soccer: 10.89 ± 1.56 years) completed the current research. The Psychological Characteristics Questionnaire related to Sports Performance (CPRD) was used to assess stress factors related to sports competition. A program based on Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy was implemented during eight sessions of approximately 50 min each. A pre-post design was used and statistical differences between pre- and post-measures were checked through dependent sample t-tests. The results indicated that the post-test scores were higher than the pre-tests in "Influence of the Evaluation of Performance" and "Mental Skills" factors, which supposes a significant improvement of the stress management related to performance evaluation, as well as the use of psychological resources and techniques. In addition, the post-test scores were also higher in the "Stress Control" factor, although in this case the differences were not statistically significant. Practical indications deriving from the findings of this study can help youth soccer players to manage the stress of competition using a psychological training program.

Self-Determined Motivation and Competitive Anxiety in Athletes/Students: A Probabilistic Study Using Bayesian Networks.

This study attempts to analyze the relationship between two key psychological variables associated with performance in sports - Self-Determined Motivation and Competitive Anxiety - through Bayesian Networks (BN) analysis. We analyzed 674 university students that are athletes from 44 universities that competed at the University Games in Mexico, with an average age of 21 years (SD = 2.07) and with a mean of 8.61 years' (SD = 5.15) experience in sports. Methods: Regarding the data analysis, firstly, classification using the CHAID algorithm was carried out to determine the dependence links between variables; Secondly, a BN was developed to reduce the uncertainty in the relationships between the two key psychological variables. The validation of the BN revealed AUC values ranging from 0.5 to 0.92. Subsequently, various instantiations were performed with hypothetical values applied to the "bottom" variables. Results showed two probability trees that have extrinsic motivation and amotivation at the top, while the anxiety/activation due to worries about performance was at the bottom of the probabilities. The instantiations carried out support the existence of these probabilistic relationships, demonstrating their scarce influence on anxiety about competition generated by the intrinsic motivation, and the complex probabilistic effect of introjected and identified regulation regarding the appearance of anxiety due to worry about performance.

Competitive Psychological Disposition and Perception of Performance in Young Female Soccer Players.

The athletes' psychological disposition is a factor that is increasingly considered by researchers as a key to sports performance, even as a mediator between the physical, technical and tactical abilities of the athlete and their competitive performance, thus acquiring great relevance in training and in sports performance. The purpose of this study is to analyze the psychological characteristics of young soccer players and their relation to their performance perception, made both by the player herself and by their coaches. The sample is composed of 108 women (M age = 15.53, SD age = 1.05), with ages between 13 and 17 years (13 years, n = 1, 14 years, n = 18, 15 years, n = 36, 16 years, n = 29, 17 years, n = 24), and with a sport practice experience of 7.27 years on average (SD = 2.64). For to address this aim, we used the Psychological Characteristics related to the Sport Performance Questionnaire (CPRD) and the Psychological Skills Inventory for Sports (PSIS). In addition, regarding the evaluation of performance perception, an ad hoc short questionnaire was created, composed by one question addressed to the player and one directed to the coach. The results indicate that the group of players of the under-16 category obtained higher scores in all the psychological dimensions than the U-18 players, showing significant differences in Team Cohesion (p < 0.048). Regarding the degree of congruence between the player's psychological features, and the player's and coach's performance perceptions, the results show statistically significant and negative correlations between the Team Cohesion factor and the athlete's own outcome perception for the match #1 (rxy = -0.479; p < 0.001), and match #2 (rxy = -0.402; p < 0.01). The results of this study may contribute to establish the differences between different constellations of psychological characteristics according to the categories of competition and their relationship with the perception of performance. This knowledge can be used by sports professionals: coaches, psychologists, physical educators, etc., in order to help athletes to reach their maximum performance.

A Bayesian Approach to Sport Injuries Likelihood: Does Player's Self-Efficacy and Environmental Factors Plays the Main Role?

The psychological factors of sports injuries constitute a growing field of study, even from the point of view of the prediction of their occurrence. Most of them, however, do not take into account the likelihood of the injuries' occurrence and the weight and role of the psychological variables on it. We conducted a study building up a Bayesian Network on a big sample of athletes, trying to assess these probabilistic links among several relevant psychological variables and the injuries' occurrence. The sample was constituted by 297 athletes (239 males, 58 females) from a wide range of sports: track and field; judo; fencing; karate; boxing; swimming; kayaking; artistic rollerskating, and team sports as football, basketball, and handball (Mean age: 25.10 ±-3.87; range: 21-38 years). Several psychological variables, such as anxiety, social support, and self-efficacy were studied. Also, we recorded the history of injuries as well the body mass index and personal epidemiological data. The overall picture of the generated graph and Bayesian Network and its analysis - including the use of hypothetical data by means of several instantiations - includes the nuclear role of the Self-Efficacy regarding the injuries' occurrence likelihood; the decreasing impact of the competitive anxiety previous to the injury; the probabilistic independence of the players' risk behaviors, and the relevance of the environmental clues such the use of coping strategies and social support in order to build up a good level of Self-Efficacy after the occurrence of an injury. All these data are relevant when designing both preventive and recovery interventions from the multidisciplinary as well as from the psychological point of view.

Psychological Profiling of Triathlon and Road Cycling Athletes.

Psychological characteristics of athletes play a key role in sport performance and may moderate and mediate the influence of technical, tactical, and physical abilities athletes show. Different authors have emphasized the special attention such psychological characteristics should receive considering the extent they can influence athletes' behavior either in training or in competition. This paper is aimed at describing the psychological profiles of two cycling sports: triathlon and road cycling. One hundred and twenty-nine male and female professional and amateur cycling athletes (35.74 years old average age ±12.79; 14.94 average number of years practicing cycling ±11.20) were assessed on different psychological characteristics. For that purpose, the Psychological Characteristics related to the Sport Performance (CPRD) Questionnaire and the Psychological Skills Inventory for Sports (PSIS) was used. Results showed significant differences among triathlon and road cyclists (Stress control = t116 =-3.711, p = 0.000, d = 0.48 ; Influence of Performance Evaluation = t115 =-3-115, p = 0.002, d = 0.49; Motivation = t124 =-5.520, p = 0.000, d = 0.82; Mental Skills = t119 =-4.985, p = 0.000, d = 1.02). There were no significant differences between men and women though there were differences among pros and amateur athletes. Triathlon professional, compared to amateurs, showed higher scores in all the psychological dimensions assessed (Stress control = t85 = 3.005, p = 0.003, d = 1.07; Influence of Performance Evaluation = t83 = 2.858, p = 0.005, 0.77; Motivation = t91 = 2.721, p = 0.008, d = 0.26; Mental Skills = t87 = 2.556, p = 0.012, d = 0.77). The results of this descriptive study contribute to establishing a model of optimal psychological profiling applied to the different cycling groups that can be used by sport psychologist, trainers, and coaches in order to promote peak performance of these athletes.

Return to Play (RTP) y aspectos psicológicos asociados: Una revisión sistemática / Return to Play (RTP) and psychological aspects associated: a systematic review

El objetivo es examinar las investigaciones que tratan la asociación entre el Return to Play (RTP) y factores psicológicos en población deportista. Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática siguiendo las indicaciones de la guía PRISMA. Como palabras clave se usaron: return to play and sport and psycho* and injur*. Como base de datos se uso "Web of Science". Como criterios de inclusión: 1) abordar al menos una variable psicológica, 2) ser de carácter empírico y 3) no ser validación de un instrumento. Se obtuvieron 70 artículos, reducidos a 29. Los resultados muestran relación directa entre la influencia de los factores psicológicos y el tiempo y calidad que el deportista emplea en la rehabilitación y retoma el deporte. El tiempo empleado en la rehabilitación y la retirada temprana del deportista de su deporte tras la lesión parecen ser determinantes para el correcto RTP. Se discute la importancia de comprender los aspectos psicosociales que forman parte del proceso de rehabilitación. Igualmente, el miedo a una nueva lesión, el nivel deportivo previo a la lesión, los rasgos de personalidad y la disposición psicológica para volver a jugar desempeñan un rol muy importante para el RTP

This review aim to examine the researches that address the association between Return to Play (RTP) and psychological factors in athletes. To this end, a systematic review of the literature was conducted, taking in consideration PRISMA guidelines. As keywords were used: return to play and sport and psycho* and injur*. Base data used were "Web of Science". Inclusion criteria were: 1) address at least one psychological variable, 2) to be empirical investigation and 3) not to be a validation. 70 articles were obtained, which were reduced to 29. The results show a direct relationship between the influence of psychological factors and the time and quality that the athlete uses in rehabilitation and return to play. The time spent in rehabilitation and the early withdrawal of the athlete from his activity after the injury seems to be decisive for the correct RTP. The importance of understanding the psychosocial aspects that are part of the rehabilitation process is discussed. The fear of a re-injury, the sport level prior to the injury, the personality traits and the psychological disposition to play again were very important for the RTP

Características psicológicas que influyen en las lesiones deportivas de triatletas amateurs de Yucatán, México / Características psicológicas que influem nas lesões desportivas de triatletas amadores de Yucatán, México / Psychological characteristics that influence sports injuries of amateur triathletes from Yucatan, Mexico

El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar las relaciones entre las características psicológicas con las lesiones deportivas en triatletas amateurs de Yucatán, México. Se aplicaron los siguientes instrumentos: Inventario Psicológico de Ejecución Deportiva (IPED), Sport Competition Anxiety Test (SCAT), Cuestionario de Percepción de las causas de las Lesiones en el Triatleta (CPELT) y Autoinforme de características del entrenamiento y de lesiones. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 50 triatletas, 33 hombres (66%) y 17 mujeres (34%) con una media de edad de 24.47 en un rango de 15 a 48 años. Se encontraron relaciones significativas del número de lesiones con factores del IPED y del CPELT. Además la ansiedad competitiva, el control de afrontamiento negativo del IPED y el factor de medidas preventivas del CPELT obtuvieron un mejor valor de predicción para las lesiones deportivas (AU)

The aim of this research was to analyze the relation between the psychological characteristics with the sport injuries in amateur triathletes from Yucatan, Mexico. The next instruments were applied: Psychological Inventory of Sports Performance (IPED), Sport Competition Anxiety Test (SCAT), Questionnaire of Perceived causes of Injuries in Triathletes (CPELT) and Self-report of training and injuries features. The sample was composed of 50 triathletes, 33 men (66%) and 17 women (34%) with a mean age of 24.47 in a range of 15 to 48 years. Significant relationships were found in the number of sport injuries with IPED and CPELT factors. Furthermore, the competitive anxiety, coping negative control from IPED and prevention measures factor from CPELT gained a better predictive value for sports injuries (AU)

O objectivo deste trabalho foi analisar as relações entre as características psicológicas e as lesões desportivas em triatletas amadores de Yucatán, México. Foram aplicados os seguintes instrumentos: Inventário Psicológico de Execução Desportiva (IPED), Sport Competition Anxiety Test (SCAT), Questionário de Percepção das causas das Lesões desportivas em Triatletas (QPELT) e um questionário individual de características de treino e de lesões. A amostra foi composta por 50 triatletas, 33 homens (66%) e 17 mulheres (34%) com uma média de idades de 24.47 compreendidas entre os 15 e os 48 anos. Verificaram-se relações significativas entre o número de lesões e os factores do IPED e do QPELT. Adicionalmente, a ansiedade competitiva, o controlo de coping negativo do IPED e o factor medidas preventivas do QPELT obtiveram um melhor valor preditivo para as lesões desportivas (AU)

Perfil psicológico de los jugadores profesionales de balonmano y diferencias entre puestos específicos / Psychological profile of professional handball players and differences between specific positions

En este estudio se pretende determinar las características psicológicas para el rendimiento deportivo de los jugadores de balonmano de alto nivel y establecer si existen diferencias entre el perfil psicológico de estos jugadores en función del puesto táctico ocupado. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 80 jugadores profesionales de balonmano, con una edad media de 24.83 (±5.21) años. Respecto al puesto de juego, el 30% jugaban de extremo, el 25% de lateral, el 16.3% de central, el 18.7% de pivote y el 10% de portero. Para la evaluación del perfil psicológico se utilizaron las escalas del Cuestionario de Características Psicológicas relacionadas con el Rendimiento Deportivo (CPRD) de Gimeno y Buceta (2010). Los resultados indican que el puesto específico de portero es el que mayor puntuación tiene en todas las características psicológicas evaluadas, es decir, tiene un perfil psicológico para el rendimiento deportivo mejor que el resto de los jugadores, y que los que juegan de extremo obtienen las peores puntuaciones en este perfil. Las diferencias en el perfil psicológico de los jugadores profesionales de balonmano en función del puesto táctico pueden ser de gran ayuda a entrenadores y técnicos para adecuar su gestión de los recursos humanos, tanto en entrenamientos y competiciones, como fuera de estas, en el ámbito social ajeno al deporte.

This study aims to determine the psychological characteristics for athletic performance in high-level handball players, and whether there are differences between the psychological profiles of these players in terms of their tactical position. The sample was composed of 80 professional handball players, with a mean age of 24.83 (±5.21) years. As regards their position, 30% played in the back positions, 25% wings, 16.3% centre, 18.7% pivot, and 10% were goalkeepers. Assessment of the psychological profile used the scales in the Psychological Characteristics Associated to Sports Performance Questionnaire (Cuestionario de Características Psicológicas relacionadas con el Rendimiento Deportivo [CPRD]) by Gimeno & Buceta (2010). The results indicate that the specific position of goalkeepers obtained the highest scores in all the psychological characteristics assessed, i.e. it has a better psychological profile for athletic performance than the other player positions, and that those who play in the back positions get the worst scores on this profile. Differences in the psychological profile of professional handball players, depending on the tactical position, may be helpful to coaches and managers in order to enhance their human resource management, both in training and competition, as well as in their non-sport social environment.

Análisis bayesiano de la motivación, el clima motivacional y la ansiedad en jóvenes jugadores de equipo / A Bayesian Analysis of the motivation, motivational climate and anxiety in young competitive team players

El objetivo de este estudio es analizar las relaciones entre la autodeterminación, la disposición de orientación a metas, y el clima motivacional percibido por jóvenes deportistas, así como su impacto sobre los componentes somático y cognitivo de la ansiedad competitiva, y sobre la aceptación del uso del engaño y la astucia en el deporte. Se administraron los instrumentos PMCSQ-2, TEOSQ, BRSQ, CDED y SAS-2 a 270 jugadores de fútbol, balonmano y baloncesto (M = 14.67; DE = 1.53). Las relaciones de dependencia e independencia probabilística de las variables estudiadas fueron establecidas mediante una red Bayesiana implementada con Netica y Tetrad IV. Posteriormente, se instanciaron valores de probabilidad hipotéticos en algunas variables de la RB para analizar la variación sobre las probabilidades de las variables independientes. Los resultados muestran un distinto peso causal de la motivación autodeterminada y de la motivación de logro sobre la ansiedad competitiva, y evidencian una controvertida relación entre los climas motivacionales percibidos y las orientaciones de tarea y de ego de los jugadores. Asmismo, se confirma el papel residual de la ansiedad somática; el rol instrumental de la aceptación del engaño y la astucia, y finalmente, la validación de la red Bayesiana

The aim of this study is to analyze the relationship between the self-determinated motivation, the goal orientation and the perceived motivational climate and their impact on the cognitive and somatic components of the competitive anxiety in young athletes, and their acceptance of the use of cheating and gamesmanship in sport. We administered PMCSQ,TEOSQ, BRSQ, CDED and SAS- 2 to 270 football, handball and basket ballplayers (Mean age = 14.67, SD = 1.53). Probabilistic relationships of dependence and independence of the variables were studied by a Bayesian network (BN), developed using Netica and Tetrad IV. After the validation of the BN, we instantiated hypothetical probability values of several dependent variables in order to analyze the variation of the probability of the independent variables. Results show different statistical dependence relationships between the self-determined motivation and achievement motivation, respect to the competitive anxiety, and also show a controversial relationship between the perceived motivational climate and the task and egoorientation of the players. It also shows the residual role of the somaticanxiety, and the instrumental role of the the use of cheating and gamemanship